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Sichuan opera

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History#

Initially, there were five distinct opera styles. The history of each style varies greatly.

Before the Ming dynasty#

The origins of Sichuan opera can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. The Jiaodian opera of the later Han dynasty laid the foundation for early Sichuan opera. A famous poem from the Warring States period, “Song Yu Asks the King of Chu”, states: “they are Xialiba people, and there are thousands of people in the country who belong to harmony”. The term “Xialiba people” here refers to Sichuan folk songs and dances, as well as singers and dancers. According to the records of the Taiping Guangji and Tares History Compilation, there was a play of bullfighting since Li Bing was the governor of Shu County in the 3rd century BC. During the Three Kingdoms period, the first satirical comedy appeared in Sichuan. This can be regarded as the originator of Sichuan opera comedy. Between the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the popular drama of Sichuan reached its peak. This was sometimes referred to as an example of “Shu skills leading the world”. Frequently performed plays in this period included Liu Bijimai, Maixiu Liangqi, and Guankou God. During this period, the earliest troupe in the history of Chinese opera, consisting of Qian Manchuan, Bai Jia, Ye Si, Zhang Mei, and Zhang Ao in Youyang Zazu, was formed. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, Southern opera and Sichuan Zaju were popular in Sichuan. The most famous song from this period was “Jiu Se Cai Qi”.

Siciliana

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History and notable examples#

In a 2006 book, Raymond Monelle found musicologists’ attempts to trace the style to any authentic tradition in Sicily inconclusive, though he did trace its origins back to Italian Renaissance madrigals from the 1500s, in triple time with dotted rhythms. These madrigal rhythms may themselves derive from the dactylic hexameter of the epic poetry of ancient Greece and Rome.

Baroque era#

The siciliana was firmly established as a signifier of a pastoral context in the operas of Sicilian-born Alessandro Scarlatti, though only two of his slow arias in are actually titled “aria siciliana” in the scores. Monelle notes that the texts of Scarlatti’s siciliana arias are generally lamenting and melancholic. and sicilianas are described in musical dictionaries since 1703. Further examples of Baroque sicilianas are found in J. S. Bach’s music: for instance, in his Sonata in G minor for solo violin, BWV 1001, in his Sonata in E-flat for flute and harpsichord, BWV 1031, and in his Concerto in E for harpsichord and strings, BWV 1053. Other well-known Baroque sicilianas are: the middle movement of Antonio Vivaldi’s Concerto Grosso, Op. 3, No. 11, from L’estro armonico (which Bach then transcribed as his Concerto in D minor for organ, BWV 596), the first movement of Giuseppe Tartini’s “Devil’s Trill Sonata” for violin, and the last movement of Arcangelo Corelli’s Christmas Concerto, Op. 6, No. 8.

Sierreño

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History#

Sierreño is believed to have originated from the highlands of northwestern states of Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango). Mexican singer-songwriter Ariel Camacho led the sierreño style with Los Plebes del Rancho in 2014. Camacho would go on to inspire many other later regional Mexican artists like Junior H and Iván Cornejo. These artists sang a style of sierreño known as sad sierreño, with lyrics that focus on heartbreak and love. Sierreño became popular among members of Generation Z, with the popularity of sad sierreño and urban sierreño. Other artists who perform sierreño music include Los Cuates de Sinaloa, Gerardo Ortíz, Regulo Caro, El Fantasma, Carín León, Luis R. Conriquez, Fuerza Regida, Herencia de Patrones, Eslabón Armado, Natanael Cano, Peso Pluma, Gabito Ballesteros, Xavi, DannyLux, Yahritza y su Esencia, Grupo Firme, Los Hijos de Barrón, Alta Consigna, Crecer Germán, Ulices Chaidez, Los Perdidos de Sinaloa, Jovanny Cadena y su Estilo Privado, Virlán García, Marca MP, Abraham Vázquez, Tercer Elemento, Los Dareyes de la Sierra, Los Alameños de la Sierra, and Los Alegres de la Sierra.

Sigilkore

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Etymology and characteristics#

The term “sigilkore” is derived from sigil, which is described as being associated with magic, deities and occult rituals. The visual aesthetics of sigilkore draw influence from magic, deities, demons, Writing for British newspaper The Guardian, music critic Alexis Petridis described sigilkore as a “micro-trend”.

2019–2023: Origins#

Sigilkore originated as a mixing style pioneered by rappers Luci4 and Islurwhenitalk who formed the collective Jewelxxet. along with producers within his collective BMB Deathrow, would expand upon this style by frequently including references to occultism The genre was also popularized by American singer Siouxxie’s “Masquerade,” which would go viral in mid-2021, and by artists Lumi Athena,

Siguiriyas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cante and structure#

The lyrics of siguiriyas deal with tragic themes such as imprisonment (e.g., Calabosito Oscuro sung by Juanito Valderrama) the death of a loved one and death in general (e.g., Si Acaso Muero sung by Camarón De La Isla), love, and religious ideas. The oldest forms of siguiriyas were performed without musical accompaniment, akin to tonás. The more modern forms are accompanied by the guitar, where the nuances of the cante make it one of the most difficult styles to accompany and interpret. Traditionally, the verses of siguiriyas are constructed of two short 6 syllable lines, followed by a longer 11 syllable line, then ending with another 6 syllable line, the rhythm being provided by the syllables of the words. In a majority of siguiriyas “Ay” is typically sung to introduce and emphasize the lyrics and is sung as a melisma across many syllables.

Sikh music

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Terminology#

Sikh music is also known as Gurbani Sangeet (; meaning music of the speech of wisdom), or Gurmat Sangeet (; meaning music of the counsel or tenets of the Guru), and also as Shabad Kirtan (). The term Gurbani Sangeet pre-dates the term Gurmat Sangeet. Other terms include Puratan, which is used in revivalist contexts for traditional Sikh musicology. Whilst the term Gurmat Sangeet has come to be used as a name for all Sikh kirtan performed as per the prescribed ragas found within the Sikh scripture, Inderjit Kaur believes a more fitting term for the raga genre is “rāg-ādhārit shabad kīrtan”. She further believes that the Sikh musicology as a whole should be referred to as “gurmat sangīt shāstar/vigyān”, of which, raga kirtan is a genre found within.

Sindhi music

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sindhi folk genres or singing styles#

Besides Sindhi folk genres of Bait, Wae and Kafi other Sindhi folk genres include; * Lada/Sehra/Geech: in this genre folk songs are song for special days and occasions like weddings, engagements, birth of a child etc, Sehra and Lada are genre of expressing emotions like joy, happiness, sadness etc, it is sung by females in a group, with various Sindhi folk musical instruments like dhul, Thali, kanjiri, ghungro etc. * Dhammal: this is a folk style of singing as well as a folk religious dance, the folk instruments like Nagara, Shernai, gharyal, gughu etc are played. * Dohiraa * Bhagat * Kalaam * Classical * Molood: is a Sindhi form of poetry about Prophet Muhammad’s life, with poems consisting of between five and ten verses. Mauluds are sung in a group of men in unique high and low voices. * Moro: this folk style of singing is usually played in mountainous region of Sindh in Kohistan by the locals. * Hamarcho: this is harvesting folk songs, sung by farmers, their families, friends, neighbours and relatives who come together and sing Hamarcho in a group, one person leading while others sing together when crops grow. * Osara/Paar: this is style of singing for mourning for loved ones, in which the close relatives of the dead would weep while singing in sad style the phrases generally are the memories, praises and remembrance of the dead. * Doro: this folk style of singing is performed by women of Thar desert region of Sindh. Today other modern genres are also being introduced.

Sinfonia concertante

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Classical era#

In the Baroque period, the differences between a concerto and a sinfonia (also “symphony”) were initially not all that clear. The word sinfonia would, for example, be used as the name for an overture to a stage work. Antonio Vivaldi wrote “concertos” which did not highlight individual soloists and which were stylistically more or less indistinguishable from his “sinfonias.” The Baroque genre that comes closest to the Classical sinfonia concertante is the concerto grosso; among the most famous of these are those by Arcangelo Corelli and George Frideric Handel. During the Classical period (roughly 1750–1800), both the symphony and the concerto had acquired more definite meanings, and the concerto grosso had disappeared altogether. In the second half of the 18th century, this led to attempts to combine the two genres, such as those by composers of the Mannheim school. Johann Christian Bach (the so-called “London Bach” and youngest son of Johann Sebastian) was publishing symphonies concertantes in Paris from the early 1770s on, as was Joseph Bologne, the ‘famous Chevalier de Saint-Georges’. Mozart, who likely heard the early Sinfonia concertantes of Bologne, was also acquainted with the Mannheim school from 1777 and probably aware of J.C. Bach’s publications. He put considerable effort into attempts to produce convincing sinfonie concertanti. His most successful are the following: * Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra K. 364 (the only one Mozart is actually considered to have finished that exists in an authentic copy). * Sinfonia Concertante for Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon and Orchestra K. 297b (known from an arrangement, possibly inauthentic). Joseph Haydn also wrote a Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Cello, Oboe and Bassoon during his visit to London, as a friendly challenge to his former student Ignaz Pleyel. He also stayed in London at the time and his works in the genre were highly popular. Haydn also wrote symphonies with long soloist parts, especially early in his career, such as the “Time of Day” symphonies 6–8. These are, however, rightfully considered symphonies rather than sinfonie concertanti. Other examples from the era are Kozeluch’s Sinfonia Concertante in E flat major for mandolin, trumpet, double-bass, piano, Gossec’s Symphonie Concertante for Violin and Cello in D major and Gresnick’s Symphonie Concertante in B flat major for Clarinet and Bassoon.

Sinfonietta (symphony)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Singapore hip-hop

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History#

Singlish surfaced from the earliest hip-hop music liberation of Singapore from a nonexistent band called “Kopi Kat Klan”. In the 1990s, rap duo Construction Sight, consisting of Sheikh Heikel and Ashidiq Ghazali, after winning Asia Bagus Grand Championship, a talent show, was credited as “Singapore’s first ever rap group”. After winning the Grand Championship, they released a few rap albums. Sheikh was considered the god-father of the Singapore’s rap scene. In Canada, Masiah One of Merdek’s music is cited as the most successful Singapore-born, female rapper in the island’s music industry. In 2011, there was a year, graffiti got the most brilliance, as AsNo Doink and Clogtwo represented in Taiwan and took the 2nd Asian Wall-Lords finals for Singapore, which was the highest honour any artist graffiti have achieved in Singapore. And in 2014, Asno Doink represented Singapore & Asia in a meeting of the Styles of the World to meet in Wisbeden Germany as part of the Made from Skratch Eurotour. He was awarded the “Best Text Writer” Award for his Javi inspired text. He together Made from Skratch, and his crew #ProjectBurnerz, collaborate with the *scape on a graffiti wall mural in August 2014, so that they would leave a mark on the most prominent wall in Singapore. Negotiations of another mural was planned in 2020. In 2012, 2 beatboxers represented Singapore at the Beatbox Battle World Championship held in Berlin. They were Zul Mystroe (showcase category) and Dharni (battle category). Dharni, which earlier in 2009, was placed 4th in the Beatbox Battle World Championship and has been crowned World Champion in 2015

Singeli

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Singspiel

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History#

Some of the first Singspiele were miracle plays in Germany, where dialogue was interspersed with singing. By the early 17th century, miracle plays had grown profane, the word “Singspiel” is found in print, and secular Singspiele were also being performed, both in translated borrowings or imitations from English and Italian songs and plays, and in original German creations. In the 18th century, some Singspiele were translations of English ballad operas. In 1736, the Prussian ambassador to England commissioned a translation of the ballad opera The Devil to Pay. This was successfully performed in the 1740s in Hamburg and Leipzig. A further version of this was made by Johann Adam Hiller and C. F. Weiße in 1766 (Der Teufel ist los oder Die verwandelten Weiber), the first of a string of such collaborations which led to Hiller and Weisse being called “the fathers of the German Singspiel.” French operas with spoken dialogue (opéras comiques) were frequently transcribed into German and became very successful in Vienna in the late 1770s and early 1780s. By contrast, German translations of contemporary Italian opere buffe, which were quite successful in England and France at the time, were significantly less frequent. Singspiele were considered middle-to-lower class entertainment – as opposed to the predominantly aristocratic genres of opera, ballet and stage play – and were usually performed by traveling troupes (such as the Koch, Döbbelin and Koberwein companies), rather than by established companies within metropolitan centers. Mozart wrote several Singspiele: Bastien und Bastienne (1768), Zaide (1780), Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782), Der Schauspieldirektor (1786), and finally Die Zauberflöte (1791). E. T. A. Hoffmann, who admired him, composed Singspiele, such as Liebe und Eifersucht in 1807. In 1927, Kurt Weill created a new word, “Songspiel”, to describe his work Mahagonny-Songspiel.

Sioux music

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Singers#

Predominate traditional singers and groups and their corresponding tribes or nations include; * Earl Bullhead, Lakota * Porcupine Singers, Lakota * Tianna Spotted Thunder, Lakota * Lakota Thunder, Lakota * James Iron Shell, Lakota * Fort Peck Sioux, Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux * Elk Soldier, Dakota * Red Leaf Singers, Lakota * Common Man Singers, Lakota * Bad Nation, Dakota and Lakota * Crazy Horse Singers, Lakota * White Bull, Lakota * Chiniki Lake Singers, Nakota

Siren kings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History#

The origins of the siren scene are the early 2000s in South Auckland, New Zealand, primarily among Pasifika youth. The scene grew from car owners adding stolen car battery-powered speaker systems to cars (known as “stacking”), and in 2010 battles between different siren crews began in public areas. Popular locations for battles include carparks and reserves around Henderson, Avondale, the Onehunga shoreline and Māngere. Police reports to media also associated siren battles as being associated with gangs. In 2019, the Auckland Council created barriers to close off an Auckland public reserve at night time, however this was ineffective at stopping siren battles from taking place. In 2021, a half-hour documentary on siren kings was released by TVNZ, entitled Young and a Siren King.

SI on Music Theory Print

Sichuan opera

History#

Before the Ming dynasty#

Siciliana

History and notable examples#

Baroque era#

Sierreño

History#

Sigilkore

Etymology and characteristics#

2019–2023: Origins#

Siguiriyas

Cante and structure#

Sikh music

Terminology#

Sindhi music

Sindhi folk genres or singing styles#

Sinfonia concertante

Classical era#

Sinfonietta (symphony)

Further reading#

See also#

Singapore hip-hop

History#

Singeli

Singspiel

History#

Sioux music

Singers#

Siren kings

History#