Violin Sonatas (Grieg)

Violin Sonata No. 1 in F major, Op. 8#

Grieg composed this sonata in the summer of 1865 while on holiday with Benjamin Feddersen in Rungsted, Denmark, near Copenhagen. The piece was composed shortly after his only piano sonata was completed that same summer. Concerning the piece, Norwegian composer Gerhard Schjelderup commented: it is “the work of a youth who has seen only the sunny side of life.” Despite this, many sections of the work are quite dark and turbulent. The sonata has three movements: The violin’s opening theme in the first movement: :

Violin Sonata No. 2 in G major, Op. 13#

This sonata was dedicated to Norwegian composer and violinist Johan Svendsen. On the second sonata, Schjelderup remarked: it is “the gift to the world of a man who has also shivered in the cold mists of night.” Also, due to the sonata’s tragic qualities, he considered the piece more Norwegian than the first sonata and “a Norway without tragedy is not a complete Norway.” When Grieg presented the sonata to his teacher Niels Gade, he proclaimed the work “too Norwegian” and professed that his next sonata should be less Norwegian. Grieg, reportedly, in defiance claimed that his next sonata would be even more Norwegian.

I. Lento doloroso — Poco allegro — Allegro vivace — Presto#

;Introduction (G minor) : \new PianoStaff \with connectArpeggios = ##t 4–(^( q8– q–) \override TupletBracket #‘stencil = ##f \override TupletNumber #‘Y-offset = #-2 \times 2/3 16\arpeggio bes c a8 ~ a16 bes32– c– bes– a– g– fis– \change Staff = “down” 4^-^( q^- q2^-)) \new Dynamics s2\p \new Staff = “down” \relative c’ \key g \minor \time 2/4 \clef bass \set Staff.midiInstrument = #“acoustic grand” \stemDown 4–( q8– q–) 8\arpeggio r r4 4 q q2 \new Dynamics s2 s16\sustainOn s4..\sustainOff s2\sustainOn s\sustainOff » ;1st theme (G major) : \relative c \key g \major \time 3/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo “(Allegro vivace)” 4 = 178 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #67 \bar "" \override Score.SpacingSpanner #‘common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 9) \override TupletBracket #‘stencil = ##f \override TupletNumber #‘Y-offset = #4.5 \times 2/3 g8(\f a c) b4.( a8) \times 2/3 g( a fis) d4.( fis8) g r16 a( b8) r16 a( g8) r16 b ( d8 ) r16 b ( a2) ;2nd theme (B minor) : \relative c’ \new Staff \with \remove “Time_signature_engraver” \key g \major \time 3/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 144 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #88 \bar "" r4 r fis_\markup \dynamic p \italic “tranquillo ed espress.” b2( cis4) ais2( fis4) b4.( d8\ ;3rd theme (D major) : \relative c \new Staff \with \remove “Time_signature_engraver” \key g \major \time 3/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 178 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #135 \bar "" \override Score.SpacingSpanner #‘common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 9) d8-. \pp^\markup \italic “a tempo” r16 e%? ( d8) r16 cis( a4) – d8-. r16 e( d8) r16 cis( a4) – d,8 r16 e( d8) r16 cis( b8) r16 d16( cis8) r16 e( b8) r16 cis ( a8)-. r

II. Allegretto tranquillo#

;Theme (E minor) : \relative c \new Staff \key e \minor \time 3/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo “(Allegretto tranquillo)” 4 = 60 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #9 \bar "" \override Score.SpacingSpanner #‘common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 5) b8.(\p^\markup \fontsize #-1 \column “sul D” \italic “cantabile” c16 b4 e) d8.( e16 d4 b) g8.( a16 g4 c) \times 4/5 c16( b g e g b2) b8.(^\markup \fontsize #-1 “sul A” c16) b4( e) b8.(\ ~ \times 2/3 g8 fis e \times 2/3 g, b a! \acciaccatura b8 a4-. g2–

III. Allegro animato#

;1st theme (G major to D major) : \relative c \new Staff \key g \major \time 3/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo “(Allegro animato)” 4 = 180 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #5 \bar "" \set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4) \override TupletBracket #‘direction = #1 d2.–\mf d– \times 2/3 d8 g a b4. ( a8) \times 2/3 g( a g) e( g e) d( e d) \once \override TupletBracket #‘Y-offset = #1.5 b( d b) g( b g) fis( a fis) \override Hairpin #’to-barline = ##f e( a cis) d r d'4\sf> ~ d2! ;2nd theme (E major) : \relative c \new Staff \key es \major \time 3/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 166 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #117 \bar "" bes2._\markup \dynamic p \italic “(tranquillo)” c8– d– es2– \slashedGrace es8 d8– c– bes2– \slashedGrace bes8 as8– g– f2– \slashedGrace f8 bes,4. ( g'8 es4) c'2( g'4) f2.( es4) r r

Violin Sonata No. 3 in C minor, Op. 45#

Grieg began composing his third and final violin sonata in the autumn of 1886. Whereas the first two sonatas were written in a matter of weeks, this sonata took him several months to complete. The sonata remains the most popular of the three works, and has established itself in the standard repertoire. The work was also a personal favorite of Grieg’s. The sonata premiered with Grieg himself at the piano with well-known violinist Adolph Brodsky in Leipzig. To a certain extent, Grieg built on Norwegian folk melodies and rhythms in this three-movement sonata. However, Grieg considered the second sonata as the “Norwegian” sonata, while the third sonata was “the one with the broader horizon.” This was the last piece Grieg composed using sonata form.

I. Allegro molto ed appassionato – Presto#

The first movement is characterized by its bold and heroic introduction. The agitated opening theme is contrasted with a lyrical second theme. ;First Theme (C minor) : (\f b16 c d) es8.^>( d16 c b) g8.^>( b16 c es) g8-.^> r r R2. \new PianoStaff 2.-> ~ q4. ~ q8 \oneVoice \change Staff = “up” r8 r16 q4.-> 8 r r \new Dynamics s2.\f \new Staff = “down” \relative c, \key c \minor \clef bass \voiceTwo 2. ~ q4. ~ q8 \oneVoice r r16 q4.-> 8 r r \new Dynamics s2.\markup \right-align \italic “con” \musicglyph #“pedal.Ped” » » ;Transition theme (C minor to G major) : \relative c’ \new Staff \with \remove “Time_signature_engraver” \key c \minor \time 6/8 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4. = 116 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #23 \bar "" \mark A g4.(\markup \dynamic p \italic “cantabile” ^\markup \fontsize #-1 “sul G” b4 ~ b16 c) d4.( b4 g8) c4.( e4 ~ e16 f) g2. d4.( fis4 ~ fis16 g) a4.( fis4 d8) g4.(^\markup \fontsize #-1 “sul D” b4\cresc ~ b16 c) d2.! ;Second theme (E major) : \relative c \new Staff \with \remove “Time_signature_engraver” \key c \minor \time 6/8 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4. = 116 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #59 \bar "" \once \override Hairpin #’to-barline = ##f g2.(\p\ g4.! \acciaccatura f16 g f8\ g4.–(! g–) g(\ bes)!

II. Allegretto espressivo alla Romanza – Allegro molto – Tempo I#

The second movement opens with a serene piano solo in E major with a lyrical melodic line. In the middle section, Grieg uses a playful dance tune. The second movement also exists in a version for cello and piano that Grieg composed during the same time as the violin version. The cello version was given to his brother as a birthday gift in May 1887, but appeared in print only in 2005 (by Henle). ;1st theme (E major) : \relative c’ \new Staff \key e \major \time 2/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \tempo “(Allegretto espressivo alla Romanza.)” 4 = 72 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #44 \bar "" r4 e_\markup \dynamic p \italic “cantabile” ^\markup \fontsize #-1 “sul D” gis8 a b4 ~ b a8 gis gis4( fis) ~ fis dis e8 fis gis4 ~ gis e8 dis b2 ~ b4 ;2nd theme (E minor) : \relative c \new Staff \with \remove “Time_signature_engraver” \key e \minor \time 2/4 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \tempo “Allegro molto.” 2 = 80 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #89 \bar "" b4->_\markup \dynamic pp \italic “ma poco marcato” b-> b-> b-> b16-. cis-. dis-. cis-. dis8-. cis16-. dis-. b2 e4-> e-> e-> e-> e16-. fis-. g-. fis-. g8-. fis16-. g-. e2

III. Allegro animato – Con fuoco – Cantabile – Tempo I – Con fuoco – Prestissimo (Doppio movimento)#

The finale is written in sonata form with a coda but lacks a development section. ;1st theme (C minor) : \relative c \new Staff \key c \minor \time 2/2 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \tempo “(Allegro animato.)” 2 = 104 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #2 \bar "" r2 r4 g-.\p_\markup \italic “spiccato” g-.^> c,-. c-. g’^. g-.^> c,-. c-. g’^. g^> as8 g es f g4-. g2^> ~ g4 ;2nd theme (A major) : \relative c’ \new Staff \with \remove “Time_signature_engraver” \key as \major \time 2/2 \clef treble \set Staff.midiInstrument = “violin” \tempo “Cantabile.” 2 = 92 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #113 \bar "" %\override Score.SpacingSpanner #‘common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 2) c1\p ~ c2 bes4( as) c1\ ces–! ~ ces2 r \break es1 ~ es2 des4(\ as) g as! bes1 ~ bes2 r

External links#

• Performance of Violin Sonata No. 3 by Nicholas Kendall (violin) and Robert Koenig(piano) from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
• RISM description of autograph of the F major sonata (held at Leipziger Stadtbibliothek