Maurice Ravel

Rapsodie espagnole

Rapsodie espagnole is an orchestral rhapsody written by Maurice Ravel. Composed between 1907 and 1908, the Rapsodie is one of Ravel's first major works for orchestra. It was first performed in Paris

Background#

The genesis of the Rapsodie was a Habanera, for two pianos, which Ravel wrote in 1895. It was not published as a separate piece, and in 1907 he composed three companion pieces. A two-piano version was completed by October of that year, and the suite was fully orchestrated the following February. At about this time there was a distinctly Spanish tone to Ravel’s output, perhaps reflecting his own Spanish ancestry. His opera L’heure espagnole was completed in 1907, as was the song “Vocalise-Etude en forme de habanera”. In the interval between the composition of the original Habanera and the completion of the four-movement Rapsodie, Claude Debussy had published a piano suite, Estampes (1903), of which the middle section, “Soirée dans Grenade”, had a Spanish theme. The work was soon taken up internationally. Henry Wood gave the British premiere in October 1909 to a capacity audience at the Proms, and the following month the work was first given in New York.

Instrumentation#

The work is scored for an orchestra of 2 piccolos, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 soprano clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, sarrusophone (modern performances typically use a contrabassoon), 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, percussion (timpani, bass drum, cymbals, castanets, tambourine, gong, snare drum, and xylophone), celesta, 2 harps, and strings.

Structure#

The Rapsodie has four movements: A complete performance typically lasts around 15 minutes.

I. Prélude à la nuit#

The movement is marked très modéré; the time signature is and the key is A major. The whole movement is quiet, never rising above mezzo forte; the strings are muted throughout. As in the String Quartet of three years earlier Ravel places themes in the opening movement that recur in subsequent sections, most particularly the insistent opening theme, F–E–D–C.

II. Malagueña#

This is the shortest of the four movements, and is marked assez vif (“fairly lively”). Malagueña refers to a flamenco dance from the southern Spanish province of Málaga, but Ravel’s music here has only the meter in common with the authentic dance. Like the first movement, it is in the key of A, though slightly ambiguous as to whether it is major or minor. The movement ends quietly with a repeat of the four note phrase that opens the first movement.

III. Habanera#

The movement, in and switching between F major and minor, is marked assez lent et d’un rythme las (“rather slow and with a drowsy rhythm”).

IV. Feria#

Feria (Festival), in and C major, is marked assez animé (“fairly lively”). It is the longest of the four movements and is the first point in the score at which Ravel, in Nichols’s phrase, allows “the élan that has so far been deliberately stifled” to break out. The boisterous carnival atmosphere has undertones of nostalgia, but exuberance triumphs and the work ends in a joyful burst of orchestral colour.

Composer: Maurice Ravel